Suchergebnisse

Corruption is one of the sources for threatening the state. It occurs as an autonomous source of threatening. Along with other forms of threatening it lingers like a red thread that connects all other threats. Actually comprehensive analysis shows that corruption performs integration of those operations and activities that are usually not considered to be mutually connected. Subject of analysis will be how effective is the current way of dealing with corruption and providing security that is based on the military and law enforcement mechanisms? Do institutional capacities provide such security guarantees that protect the social good, providing continuous development of the society as a whole? What should be the concept of security, if any, and what is the priority, namely what kind of security concept is necessary to prevent corruption? Therefore, in this paper will vary some of the research results related to citizens' perception of corruption in 2013 and 2014, as well as assessments of security risks and security in Republic of Macedonia. Key words: Corruption, Risk, Security risks, Threatening, Erosion of moral norms

In scientific literature related to asphaliology, concerning the security science, lots of discussions are conducted as part of interdisciplinary, disciplinary and transdisciplinary research. Research areas of asphaliology are subject of this paper. The point is to study security from the point of view of many disciplines and areas. The number of disciplines that can contribute to generate new knowledge about security is not small, starting from: politology, criminology, criminalistics, psychopatology, ecology, biochemistry, genetics, geography, history, economics, linguistics, mathematics, physics, chemistry, statistics, neurology, pharmacology, psychiatry, physiology, sociology, penology, law, medicine as well as agricultural, military, technical and informaton sciences. The list of scientific areas that could be deployed in transdisciplinary researches is not definite. There is not only one approach to understand the standpoints of the interdisciplinary researches in scientific literature. Generally the differences can be distributed into two groups. The first group composes those schools and thoughts that consider security as one research area part of the "fundamental" or "parental" sciences which is issue for method application and its techniques and process could be basis for other sciences. Knowledge generated from their research belongs to the knowledge of their research corpus. Security sciences are awarded with prescriptive or melioristic character which aim is correction, improvement of security practice, on the basis of research results that are created in the frames of "fundamental" sciences. On the other hand, movement in the interests from natural to sociable sciences tends to establish bonds for mutually appreciation and interdisciplinary collaboration. Unluckily, such action in reverse direction, from social and humanistic sciences is hard to be noticed. Security and knowledge about security, precisely, difusion of knowledge among scientists in natural and social sciences can play a key role. Key words: asphaliology, area, research, fundamental sciences, discipline, interdiciplinarity, multidisciplinarity

The subject of this paper is the presumption of innocence. It is considered as a necessary standard of any democratic order and obligation and creed in the behavior of public authorities and the police as its authority. Compliance with European values is the basis for cooperation in all fields and in the field of police cooperation. The right to a judicial pronouncement of sentences, is in close connection with the principles of legality in the country. Namely, thas means : a) everybody is innocent, until his guilt is not proved in the court (presumption of innocence), b) can be responsible for an offend that in the moment of committing established by law as punishment, c) offense may be sentenced punishment within established by law, d) once fixed penalty with effective court decision cannot be determined subject of responsibility again, e) has right of appeal f) is entitled to compensation of prejudice if is illegally of liberty or unlawful convicted of a specified act. In this paper special attention will be paid to the perceptions of citizens of the Republic about how the police respect the principle of presumption of innocence. The offered note «Police respect the right of presumption of innocence.» The responses of 1460 respondents move like this: I do not agree at all 152 or 10.4%; I do not agree 294 or 20.1%, I cannot evaluate 536 or 36.7%; I agree 330 or 22.6%, and totally agree 144 or 9.9%. The question «Police should continue to show on TV suspects in handcuffs, citizens responded like this: I don't agree at all 285 or 19.5%; I do not agree 377 or 25.8%, can't evaluate or 246 16.8%; agree 346 or 23.7 and totally agree 206 or 14.1%. On question «police actions and interventions are objective and fair», the answers are: I do not agree at all 125 or 8.6%; I do not agree 288 or 19.7%, cannot evaluate 521 or 35.7%; agree 385 or 26.4%, and completely agree 140 or 9.6%. Varying the attitude of citizens will be considered through the practice of pre-trial proceedings in several events and actions to deal with crime in the country.

Contemporary societies in transition face numerous traumas in their social development. One of them is corruption. It can be stated that corruption is a current problem of the world. The question is how widespread is it and what is the social, and above all organized action to such a condition. Development of society and economy, institutional and political system or the dominant social and cultural norms represent elements that together can be grouped in various ways, but corruption remains a scourge from which any country, including Macedonia is not spared. Its citizens perceive it as a particular problem they face. This paper attempts to display the research model on corruption, by presenting the results about corruption of the public opinion pollsconducted in the country in 2013, 2014 and 2015 (the last research from 2015 is ongoing and is being implemented in the period from 08.01.2015 to 20.01.2015). Thus, the level of corruption (from minimum score 1 to maximum 10) according to assessed citizens is highest among customs and the customs officers and in 2013 it totaled 8.18, while in 2014 it was 7.96. Political leaders are assessed with an average score of 8.06 in 2013 and 7.93 in 2014, and following are the political parties with a score of 8.04 in 2013 and 8.09 in 2014. We can see a similar pattern for judges with 7.97 in 2013, i.e. 8.02 in 2014, and for holders of public (administrative) functions with 7.88 in 2013 and 7.73 in 2014.Keywords: Corruption, Perceptions of Corruption, Organized Action to Corruption, Research Model of Corruption

Contemporary approaches - when treating socialization as a phenomenon - appear within the altered research paradigms and considerably altered context of the contemporary social and particularly political events. The socialization issue becomes a matter of interest when there is interest in science directed towards defining the consequences and their impact on the individual behavior regarding the functioning of the institutions and the system as a whole. The constant and systematic research of socialization started within the social, and particularly criminal and other sciences. Therefore, the definitions about socialization, especially the political one, are quite important in this work and have no tendencies of being comprehensive. They comprise all roles and emphasize the necessity of interdisciplinary approach. Socialization is a process of social learning in which individuals and the social groups gain relatively permanent orientations and forms of behavior regarding institutions, processes and values. This work analyzes the research results from the citizens' attitudes regarding the work of the police, and in my personal opinion, the issues regarding the orientations, processes and values expressed through the process of socialization will be emphasized. In this context we will focus on the research results which refer to identification of the individuals with the police, their role, forms of loyalty, and the general perceptions of the police within the society. Key words: socialization, political socialization, identifications, values, processes, institutions.

One of the most significant features of the social life of the modern epoch, are both increasing of the political factor and the role of the scientific knowledge of the society in guiding social processes. It is an affirmation of two independent tendencies. These processes are mutually intertwined. Among them there are numerous of close ties and mutual influences with different effects for each of them separately and for the social movement as a whole. In the relationship between politics and science there are several different situations. In some conditions arise mutual incentives; the other comes up to tensions, disagreements and even confrontation. Politics and social-scientific though are playing one of the most important role mainly through the direct facing, interacting or colliding, dealing with one other, so that their mutual behavior becomes a significant social problem.

The modern transitional societies during their social development are facing numerous challenges. One of them is the corruption. We can say that the corruption is a current world's problem. It is all about how it is spread and what the social, organized answer to such a situation is. The social-economic development, the institutional and the political system or the dominant social and cultural norms are elements that put together can be shaped in different ways, but still the corruption is an evil from which no country is saved, including Macedonia. The citizens feel the corruption as a problem they are facing with. On the basis of factoring a group of 17 variables grouped in four groups of factors (indicators) of corruption: a) political organizations and public officials, b) public sector or public services, c) protection authorities and d) the civil structure. The presented results got from the isolated factors show that between the factors two and four there is a statistically significant positive correlation at high level of 0.801 and it is connected with the corruption of the civil structure (private entrepreneurs, journalists and NGOs).

This paper deals with Police management in democratic societies, considering the question of whether the Police management is an art or science or both. Discussion on police management as an art involves systematic application of knowledge and skills in order to achieve an objective. The basic premise in the definition of Police management as a skill is its application. Accordingly, Police managers must apply their knowledge and skills to the achievement of goals and objectives of the Police. Science involves a systematic study of the subject leading to a general knowledge about the subject. There are different types of science which are more or less related to management. For instance, if we consider the exact sciences such as chemistry or physics, they are not related to management, especially to Police management. The research analyzes the characteristics of natural and physical sciences, in which the experiments often take place in a laboratory setting; as such, they cannot be applied to the study of management and organizational culture. However, this does not mean that managers and researchers cannot conduct valuable research on relation to the Police. It means that when dealing with the complexity of organizational life, conducting research is more difficult, and therefore the results may not be as exact as it would be expected. The inexact sciences such as psychology or sociology have been used to systematically study organizational behavior and to develop general concepts and methods of the work of the Police officers. Sustained Police management is the combination of art and science in a continuous effort to achieve a consensus among as many concerned parties as possible, implying to the activities and behavior of Police, without neglecting the actors who are not part of the consensus. A successful Police manager should be guided by the importance of the rule of law, improve his or her understanding of how the Police can become both more effective and more efficient, and strive to improve the quality of the services performed by the employees and the members of the community. Key words: management, police management, art, science.

This paper deals with Police management in democratic societies, considering the question of whether the Police management is an art or science or both. Discussion on police management as an art involves systematic application of knowledge and skills in order to achieve an objective. The basic premise in the definition of Police management as a skill is its application. Accordingly, Police managers must apply their knowledge and skills to the achievement of goals and objectives of the Police. Science involves a systematic study of the subject leading to a general knowledge about the subject. There are different types of science which are more or less related to management. For instance, if we consider the exact sciences such as chemistry or physics, they are not related to management, especially to Police management. The research analyzes the characteristics of natural and physical sciences, in which the experiments often take place in a laboratory setting; as such, they cannot be applied to the study of management and organizational culture. However, this does not mean that managers and researchers cannot conduct valuable research on relation to the Police. It means that when dealing with the complexity of organizational life, conducting research is more difficult, and therefore the results may not be as exact as it would be expected. The inexact sciences such as psychology or sociology have been used to systematically study organizational behavior and to develop general concepts and methods of the work of the Police officers. Sustained Police management is the combination of art and science in a continuous effort to achieve a consensus among as many concerned parties as possible, implying to the activities and behavior of Police, without neglecting the actors who are not part of the consensus. A successful Police manager should be guided by the importance of the rule of law, improve his or her understanding of how the Police can become both more effective and more efficient, and strive to improve the quality of the services performed by the employees and the members of the community. Key words: management, police management, art, science.

A prison is an establishment controlled by the state in which inmates are forcibly confined and some of their rights are restricted with a legal court decision. But although the prison sentence is a type of punishment, the main purpose of imprisonment is not to punish the person for the crime that he / she committed. The main purpose of the prison sentence is to re-educate the prisoner, to make them understand the essence and the consequences of their act, and with a broad range of re-socialization measures to prepare them for returning in the social community, but as a completely changed and better person. To achieve that, the state organs have to apply many standards provided by the international organizations and conventions and also to apply the conditions prescribed in the national legislation. That minimal standard refers to the health care of the inmates, appropriate material conditions, sufficient size of cellular accommodation with high hygiene, adequate access to natural light and a purposeful regime for prisoners which will not be treated like the last stain in the society, but as equal human beings. Regardless to that, this paper attempts to show, through comprehensive analysis, whether the Republic of Macedonia strives to provide the best practices that are required by all legal regulations that refer to this matter. According to that, the focus of this paper is placed on the following questions: whether the conditions in the Macedonian prisons satisfy the minimum prescribed standards and whether the situation in the Macedonian prisons enables successful resettlement and rehabilitation of prisoners, or lead to their degradation and thus to increase the rate of recidivism? To give answers to the researched questions, this paper analyzes the national legislation, the relevant literature and the relevant international acts, reports, and proposals. Key words: prison, inmates, re-socialization, recidivism

Organization of the judicial control of relevant administration acts today is mainly differentiated through two models:Continental European and Anglo-Saxon models. Until 2006,Republic of Macedonia practiced the Anglo-Saxon model of administrative courts, and since then Continental European model of organization has been actual. The objective of this study is analysis of the efficiency of administrative courtsof first instance in the Republic of Macedonia when applying the two models of organization of administrative courts. This is focused on the answer to the question whether the model of organization is a reason for efficiency or inefficiency of the judicial organization and administration, or whether other factors are involved which are to be adequately reviewed when analyzing the judicial organization and administration efficiency. To realize the objective above we will make a brief analysis of Macedonian regulation governing/having governed the organization of administrative courts in both periods under analysis, present data on the number of cases processed by the judicial organization and administration, data on the solved and unsolved cases as well as the authors'

The modern transitional societies during their social development are facing numerous challenges. One of them is the corruption. We can say that the corruption is a current world's problem. It is all about how it is spread and what the social, organized answer to such a situation is. The social-economic development, the institutional and the political system or the dominant social and cultural norms are elements that put together can be shaped in different ways, but still the corruption is an evil from which no country is saved, including Macedonia. The citizens feel the corruption as a problem they are facing with. On the basis of factoring a group of 17 variables grouped in four groups of factors (indicators) of corruption: a) political organizations and public officials, b) public sector or public services, c) protection authorities and d) the civil structure. The presented results got from the isolated factors show that between the factors two and four there is a statistically significant positive correlation at high level of 0.801 and it is connected with the corruption of the civil structure (private entrepreneurs, journalists and NGOs). KEY WORDS: corruption, factors for corruption, organized answer to the corruption, perceptions of the corruption.

The mission of the international scientific conference entitled ―The Influence of Great Powers Over the Security of Small States‖ is to encourage the academic community and security practitioners to exchange views based on applied subject specific research scientific methods, but also to attach a scientific – research dimension to practical experiences. The idea for organizing this Conference coincides with the need for addressing the contemporary challenges and security risks. Expanding the spectrum of scientific thought is associated with the security challenges faced by states, especially in a time of global movements and dynamic world processes. Through their papers, the members of the security academic community talk among each other, discussing and sharing their different views, and ultimately arrive at common solutions for every challenge that has emerged in the security sector. The papers in this Compendium were received by means of a public announcement and they offer solutions for the future establishment and renaming of the security systems of small countries in view of creating an efficient response to contemporary security risks and threats, that is, to the destabilizing factors that cause conflicts. On that note, and in correlation with the title of the Conference, the papers treat security issues in a number of security science sub-disciplines and contribute to confirming the existing and creating new solutions in the area of security, international relations, Euro – Atlantic integration, criminalistics and criminology with an underlying holistic approach and for the purpose of efficient and timely dealing with security risks and threats and accelerating the process of Euro – Atlantic integration. Hence, the mission of the Conference and the publication of the papers encourage scientists and researchers to exchange scientific knowledge in order to identify the security needs and determine and select an appropriate response, as one of the prerequisites for the integration of small countries. The practical objective of this Conference and Compendium is manifold, primarily due to the scarce number of papers and analyses on this topic in scientific and expert literature and the partial scientific approach in those that exist, which implies imposing effects in practice. The aim is to produce valid results and scientifically verified knowledge that will enable the implementation of a rational and acceptable solution for the security sector reforms. Argumentative substantiation and presentation of the derived results and the overall situation are used to consider the systemic and 6 institutional solutions and to initiate a new phase of qualitative development of the security system and its institutions